Lloyd and Michael Korda have argued that as they integrated back into the workforce, men returned to predominate, holding positions of power while women worked as their secretaries, usually typing dictations and answering telephone calls. After the war ended, men returned home to find jobs in the workplace now occupied by women, which "threatened the self-esteem many men derive from their dominance over women in the family, the economy, and society at large." Consequently, male chauvinism was on the rise, according to Cynthia B.
As men left their positions to enlist in the military and fight in the war, women started replacing them. The balance of the workforce changed during World War II.
The first documented use of the phrase "male chauvinism" is in the 1935 Clifford Odets play Till the Day I Die. Male chauvinism is the belief that men are superior to women. See also: Sexism, Misogyny, Androcentrism, Machismo, Patriarchy, and Toxic masculinity In this sense, chauvinism is irrational, in that no nation or ethnic group can claim to be inherently superior to another. As long as this concept did not develop into the ideology of chauvinism and remained in the rather vague realm of national or even nationalistic pride, it frequently resulted in a high sense of responsibility for the welfare of backward people. nation's mission might be interpreted precisely as bringing its light to other, less fortunate peoples that, for whatever reason, have miraculously been left by history without a national mission. In 1945, political theorist Hannah Arendt described the concept thus:Ĭhauvinism is an almost natural product of the national concept in so far as it springs directly from the old idea of the "national mission.". This French quality finds its parallel in the English-language term jingoism, which has retained the meaning of chauvinism strictly in its original sense that is, an attitude of belligerent nationalism. Ĭhauvinism has extended from its original use to include fanatical devotion and undue partiality to any group or cause to which one belongs, especially when such partisanship includes prejudice against or hostility toward outsiders or rival groups and persists even in the face of overwhelming opposition. His single-minded blind devotion to his cause, despite neglect by his faction and harassment by its enemies, started the use of the term. After Napoleon abdicated, Chauvin maintained his fanatical Bonapartist belief in the messianic mission of Imperial France, despite the unpopularity of this view under the Bourbon Restoration. According to legend, French soldier Nicolas Chauvin was badly wounded in the Napoleonic Wars and received a meager pension for his injuries.
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